Solid front axle trucks. I recommend inspecting any .
Solid front axle trucks The year 1985 marked the last year of the solid front axle and the first year of EFI. Line-X over the Rail, Rockers and Side Steps, S&B Intake w/Donaldson Powercore G2 Filter & Scoop, Kennedy Twins/W Filter, Edge Insight CTS, Crown Performance SS Brake Lines, PPE Rear Diff Cover, Bushwacker Fender Flares, Cognito Leveling Kit with UCA's & Steering Braces, Rare Parts Tie Rods, My big truck (Dodge flatbed) is solid axle, but I am not taking a 10K+ top heavy DRW flatbed anywhere much off-road. I seem to remember that Round The Clock Truck Repair, in Plainfield, did suspension repair on big trucks. Putting an F-350 solid axle into your F-250 is pretty much a bolt-in project. Because these trucks had a beefy Dana 60 front axle and Dana 70 in the rear, they could handle Nick’s solid axle truck has a Sterling 10. 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - 96 F-250 Solid Front Axle Swap Questions? - I've tried searching, but cannot come up with the information that im looking for. Finally, leaf springs, and a solid front axle again in a 4x4. last fall we And I’ve been slowly accumulating them as I could afford them. Its 2 wheel drive and I want to swap the twin I beam to an 05 Dana 60 with coils or is it possible to go with a Dana 60 TTB and still use coils. Basically what I'm wondering is how Joined: Mar 6, 2012 Member: #74319 Messages: 9,151 Gender: Male Northwest Montana Vehicle: 2012 AC Manual 4. I'm not sure if they referred to them as monobeam back then. The F-350 driveshaft has a cardan joint at the transfer case connection (this works out well for a lifted truck). What was the last year that Toyota supplied a live As long as there have been trucks, the dominant drive axle system has been the Hotchkiss design, best known as the solid or straight axle. F150, F250, F350 and up trucks from various years Bronco Ford E Series 4wd vans 3/4 ton and up Excursion Dodge 1500, 2500, 3500 and up GM Kodiak 4500 and up GM K10, K20, K30 and similar of that era Makes for easy conversion to a 4x4 front solid axle but they don’t come that way from factory. The differential, however, hangs below the axle. 8 (equivalent to the Dana 44), ford 9”, Dana 60’s and 70’s, and GM 10. GM HD Coilover Towers, Left and Right 1978 - 1996 Big Bronco - solid front axle? - I own a 1980 Bronco and unfortunently it has the independent front axle! :'( ! i was wondering what i need to change it to a solid front axle? Since this is one of the first bronco's with the independent axle in the front will it be easier to do the swap? i know very little The Dana 44 TTB (Twin Traction Beam) was used in the front of Ford F-150’s and Ford Bronco’s from 1980-1996. I am unsure what to shoot for in regards to travel? But I see a lot of trucks with 16-19 up front, is that considered long travel? Should I settle for 12-14 or really work to get 16-18. The 5. I recommend inspecting any All Dodge/RAM HD trucks are Solid front axle. 5"/32" spring pad width (70's Ford and all GM solid axles) and the 36. 5 Lift, FOX Res. Collins, CO. 38 gears and a Yukon Zip Locker under the Yukon differential Expeditions don't have any solid axles, bud. But many off-roaders fear that the CV axles used in an independent Smaller more compact trucks and SUVs sometimes don’t have enough room to run leaf springs, especially in the front. The only full-size trucks with a solid front axle are Ram’s heavy-duty lineup I am confused as to why Chevrolet/GMC does not use solid axles (on front and rear) on any of their HD trucks (ZR2/AT4X included). I think that you need the F-350 front driveshaft and an F-350 front yoke for the transfer case to complete the swap. NOTE: This Ford vs The Competition - Solid front axle vs. But General Motors has tossed this Now, 12 years later, only one Jeep (Wrangler JK) has a solid front axle. Trying to see if a dana 44 or whatever solid front axle will be “All the people that say you need a solid front axle to go off-roading are living back in the ‘70s, in the Jeep days. Excursions have front and rear solid axles, but Ford never made one with a manual transmission. independent suspension. IFS: 1) Better ride 2) Better handling 3) More ground clearance When the front axle is offset laterally, one way or the other, we call this "dog tracking". B. com: User Name: Remember Me? This kit is a 4 Link style kit and is designed to utilize the '05-'12 Ford Super Duty D60 solid front axle from a F250-350 4x4 truck. If it has a solid axle outside those years, and it was made in Solid axle trucks dont ride as well as IFS (they can be engineered to ride better with a good set of leaf springs or multi link coils). Ships raw or Product Description Solid Axle Kit- Toyota 4Runner & Pickup Truck Solid Front Axle Bearing & Seal Kit (1979-1985) Kit-1070. I need the DROP on top, and re-mount the springs so the eyes 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - Solid front axle - How common is it to see a 92-96 f-150 4x4 with a solid front axle? I didnt know they made one, but I saw like 3 or 4 on Ebay. Jeeps do. For:’88-’98 Chevy fullsize truck Solid Parts:Complete bolt-on leaf spring conversion. New solid axle trucks include the Ram HD pickups and Ford Super Duty line, but there are plenty of older solid axle vehicles from FJ40 Land Cruisers to Jeep Cherokee XJs. Some Trucks do, like the ram power wagon. however i would NOT put it past Ford to throw in a solid front axle. Toyota 4WD trucks up through 1985 (in the US) featured 8" axles front and rear, 8" rear axles continued at least through the '95 pickup and 4Runner. 0 4x4 Base Model Access cab with child seat in the back, yellow wire mod, diff breather relocated to tail light, engine block heater, Leer topper with Yakima tracks and rack, Yakima rack on cab, Ride Rite air bags with Daystar cradles, CBI hidden front Except for the 2005-2008 Power wagon, what year was the "front" independent front suspension/axle started in the 2500 series? ya whats up with chevy having ifs on a "heavy duty" truck? The dodge 1500's 4x4 last solid axle was on 2001 and as already mentioned the 2500 and 3500's are solid and hopefully stay that way! Steering Setups - A simple overview of Crossover Steering, V-Link Steering, Re-circulating Ball and Tie Rod, Rack-and-Pinion and Double Crossover steering systems found on 4x4 solid axle and independent axle setups. But in North America some goverment body or private body complained that SFA's were dangerous on the highway and not as comfortable so Toyota decided to change the suspension from dump truck to Cadillac The exterior of a solid axle consists of a differential housing with axle tubes extending to the left and right. 1980 - 1986 Bullnose F100, F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - Solid Axle Swap - I have been wondering about putting a solid front axle on my 86 F-150. I bought a Marlin axle rebuild kit and spent a couple weekends cutting, grinding, priming, and painting the axle. That's Dana 44 Solid Front Axle Introduction: The Dana 44 was introduced after World War II and is commonly found under the front and rear of a wide variety of vehicles. In the USA, 1979-1985 Toyota 4wd pickup trucks had solid front axles. Some model years have had their bouts with death wobble. Reply reply No-Sky-5006 Kyle has advised The Drive that the vehicle sports front and rear axles from a 2008 Ford Super Duty truck, with air lockers fitted and a 5. Sorry I don't know anything about the auto-locking hubs. Messages 2 Reaction score 0 Points 1. Take a Jeep and a bronco. I owned one for a number of years. K. Tire wear is on par with any solid axle front end. 1979 was the last year the F150 had a solid front axle. Multiple height, component, and steering options. I have a ford- solid- drop- front- axle. But it is quickly falling out of favor for every other application. This type of suspension system is found on most of the classic off-road trucks out there because it is old and a very popular technology compared to the IFS axle. F or those of you out there with Solid Front axle Toyota 4x4's who would like to upgrade your trucks solid rotors to vented rotors like the newer IFS trucks have, this is how you do it. IFS is also found under all new ½-ton and compact pickup trucks, all SUVs (excluding the Wrangler), and In the USA, 1979-1985 Toyota 4wd pickup trucks had solid front axles. Front U-Bolt Kits. The steering can actually be stronger and less susceptible to 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - 1997 F-250 solid front axle question - New guy here in Ft. 1967 - 1972 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks - Solid Front Axle Swap - I'm Wondering if anyone has any experience or knowledge with solid front axle swapping a 67-72 F250. Save Share Im not saying the front ends on GMs trucks are garbage, mine has held up pretty damn good with very little repairs in 5 years of plowing. I still believethe solid axle will handle a heavy load better than a IFS. I think 1991 was the first year you could get IFS 1 tons and 3/4 tons, but I am not certain. _____ A casual glance at the 4x4 TTB axle can leave one thinking it is solid. IFS is way more difficult to get the same gains for the money and work, but if you have the money to spend you can get more travel out of them. 1980 - 1986 Bullnose F100, F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - Solid Axle Year Question - Guys not sure which was the right forum for this. it could have been special ordered maybe for a local government or something When did Dodge stop using Solid Front Axles on their trucks, and move to the independant suspension. Solid Axle Swaps SuperDuty no longer using front 60? Jump to Latest Interesting on swapping out the axles on these trucks. Land Cruisers had solid axles all the way up until 1997. Either 90 or 91 you could get 3/4 and 1 ton IFS trucks, but you could also still get them as the old style solid axle trucks. our second truck is an 86 ranger that had a 6. Hi guys I have a question in regards to solid axle trucks, I am building my k5 and were radius arm and coil sprung up front and leaf in the rear. Shocks The 1947 - Present Chevrolet & GMC Truck Message Board Network > General Truck Forums > Engine & Drivetrain: Solid Front Axle Web 67-72chevytrucks. Balok1701 New Member. One reason why. 8L, Desolate Stage 1. A friggin' Tank those were! Brand new trucks aren't even built even close to being as tough as The Jeep Wrangler is the last commonly available SUV on the market with a solid front axle. Coil springs are more compact than leaf springs but they only support the vehicle’s weight; they cannot locate the axle like leaf springs Solid axle vs. the only straight axles were D44HD (in 1979 and earlier) and then the D50 (1999 to present). Looking normal, the DROP is down, the spring eyes are up. 08 gears to match the rear end. For the transmision, they make a VVT setup for brig's, just like snowmobiles use. I think I would need 3. The 1/4- and 1-ton trucks used the TTB with leaf springs from 1980 to 1987 -- with the exception of the 1986-1987 F-350 with the Dana 60 (monobeam) solid front axle. As far as I know, 4x4 F350s, 450s, and 550s (and, the old "Super Duty" trucks) have always had solid front axles. Factory alignment is often recommended to be set to "Thuren" specs. They just dont carry heavy plows very well like 810s and 9'2V's. 5 fisher. I'm looking to buy an extended cab pickup with a live front axle and am confused about years and availabilities. As the name implies, it utilizes a single piece of metal -- a common axle for both wheels -- sprung beneath the car's undercarriage. Easy and can be done with a few hundred bucks. At least, much more so than, say, the IFS system GM used. There are plenty of comments on the internet that Ford Solid front axles start with a housing that’s got either a cast-iron centersection (Dana style) or a stamped steel housing with a dropout third member (Toyota style). On a four-wheel drive solid front axle, the front driveshaft connects to the pinion Grenadiers have solid front and rear axles (the only other SUV on sale with that setup is the Jeep Wrangler) and full-time four-wheel drive with a center diff lock and a two-speed transfer case. Leaf Spring: Which One Is Better? the F250's from 1980 to 1997 all got the TTB front axle even in the heavy duty trucks (i had an 85 F250HD). For 1980 Ford deceided to lower their trucks to ease accessibility and to improve their ride so they created the independent front suspension. Production on the Ford Bronco completely ceased after 1996, and the Ford F-150 switched from the Dana 44 TTB to an 8. What is a solid axle suspension and how does it work? I explore this question, and show you the benefits and down sides of a solid axle suspension. This kit fits Front solid axle suspension has a suspension system for a vehicle frame consisting of a solid front axle, to the ends of which the steerable front wheels are mounted. It's one of the joys of owing a Jeep or other live axle-equipped truck, and it's something How to Swap a Solid Front Axle into a First Generation S-10 First off, I want to present this in as simple as a manner as I can. Either of these two Vehicles such as the Jeep Wrangler and most heavy-duty pickup trucks still ride on a solid front axle. 3. The heavier duty F250s staid with the solid axle. Read more: Torsion Axle Vs. 5” 14 bolts. By swapping in a solid front axle, your truck will be able to handle much more hardcore abuse! The kit does Rims and tires are not original. The good news is that some of the earlier and less expensive ones from the ‘80s and ‘90s are starting to come to the states. The 150 and 250 had Dana 44's, the 350 had Dana 60's. The front d. Jun 2, 2016 at 8:12 AM #16 #16. From the late-'40s through the mid-'80s, straight-axle What is a Solid Front Axle? For the record, a solid front axle is also known as a beam axle or live axle. Some trucks (G. There is a reason that Ultra4 cars are moving from solid front axle to ifs and irs for that matter. This makes '85 EFI-equipped Pickups and 4Runners a key year for those looking to purchase a fixer-upper trail rig. When they remade the F250/350 into the Superduty for 1999, is when I decided to buy a new truck. It is joined by Ram’s heavy-duty range and Ford’s Super Duty trucks, which also run with a solid axle. I'm told the HD makes it a beefed up suspension and a 1 tone. Click the "product info" tab for more information on axles that work with our kit. Works with GM and Ford Dana 44 and 60 axles. Let me give you an example. My pickup, a '92 Toyota, is IFS in front, and I don't plan to change it either - although I may wheel a bit with it. As far as the F-350s I've never seen a one ton in a four wheel drive that didn't have a solid front axle. Unmodified/unmolested. Heavy-duty trucks will at least have a rear solid axle; Ford and Ram HDs have a solid front axle as well. 5 fisher on it and now has a 7. What all does the swap involve and what axles would work for my truck? Can I keep my coils? Quite a few heavy truck repair places can straighten/align an I-beam axle. s. Between 1980 - 1989 which Ford trucks came from the factory with front solid axles. M. Ford stuck with solid axles in the one ton models until the superduty when all HD trucks were solid axle. Again, the so-called death wobble is a problem that can crop up in any vehicle with a solid front axle. I think that, along with the matching rear would work really nice, plus they are setup for a driveshaft/torque tube setup. The Mercedes G-Class also comes with a solid front axle but starts at $139,000. I plan on lifting the truck 8 in the back and 6 in the front and will likely be 1961 - 1966 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks - Unique Lowering Method - Flipped Front Axle - I was browsing through some searched threads in regards to lowering these trucks, and was really taking in a lot of knowledge exlaining and detailing all the different ways that this lowering task can be accomplished. 1979 was the last year for the solid front axle in all 4wd. ” We’ve only seen those Multimatic DSSV dampers on smaller vehicles so far. I got an ’85 mini truck axle. Body and frame is solid with little cosmetic rust mostly in the bed. Are solid front axles better? The solid axle was also usually made of iron, rather than aluminum, so supporters say its look for a late 80's honda 4-trax 350, they used a solid axle up front, just like real trucks do. Solid front axles, non drive wheels was 1964 the last year. In South Africa the term "bakkie" is generally used, although General Motors in that country now sells the Australian Holden in small numbers there and calls it a ute, while a small front-wheel drive Chevrolet Modern Tacoma’s don’t have solid front axles. 1985 still had the solid axle up front, from the factory, 1986 did not. What Is A Solid Front Axle? You’ll find the solid front axle suspension on popular vehicles like the Jeep Wrangler and Ford Bronco. You will need the entire front axle assembly from the donor vehicle. Large Truck - 2wd f450 axels - So I?m looking at repurposing 08 and newer f450/f550 2wd front solid axel. The reverse cut high pinion Dana 44 was used in 1/2 ton Ford trucks from 1966-1979 and full size Ford Bronco’s in We build Solid Axle Conversion kits for the 31. Reason I all had SFA=solid front axles as they are simpler,tougher,reliable,easier angles of incline when off-roading and easier suspension/body lifts. 67,000 original miles, stick shift manual, 22R carb engine, solid axle front and Much easier to find a 1 ton with solid front axle- 80s K20s and K30s are beautiful things, the K10 and K20 frames are the same, the K30 frames are HUGE and much preferred (but all body parts are the same). Then in 1988 the Ford F-Super Duty (F450) came out with a solid front axle with 10 lugs per wheel, Dana 80 rear axle with disk brakes. This kit includes all the parts for 1 side of the front solid axle found in the 4Runner and Pickup Trucks. No cracks in the dash. Why is solid front axle better? The solid axle was also usually made of iron, rather than aluminum, so supporters say its more durable on tougher terrain. The Driver Side Dana 44 Solid Front Axle: The reverse cut high pinion Dana 44 was used in 1/2 ton Ford trucks from 1966-1979 and full size Ford Bronco's in 1978-1979. khahn. A year later the 150 was the best selling vehicle in America. There are no solid front axles that have the s10 bolt pattern. IFS on heavy duty trucks - I'm just starting this from another thread - thought it would be nice to break out into it's own seperate thread. How can I get it to 8 lug hubs, 4x4 spindles, different wheel bearings? I'm not sure what year Ford switched the straight front axle on the 2wd F-350 to twin I beam but I know my friends 79 F-350 2 wd is straight axle. The last year for Blazers, Suburbans and Crewcab 1 tons was '91. It should go without saying that the frame and axle need to be straight and solid, and you'll want to make sure all wearable items like kingpins, bushings, and tie rod ends are in good shape the truck had a new axle put in it and has had two more seasons on the axle since then. IFS: 1) Better ride 2) Better handling 3) More ground clearance Even though we are now down to just three new vehicle models available with a solid front axle in the U. You won't see independent rear suspension, Redirecting The latest 2019 G-Wagen models have been completely redesigned but have unfortunately lost their solid front axle. Works on 4WD or 2WD trucks. (Put that down to my disability of not being able to use Nowadays, almost all SUVs, all ½-ton and compact pickup trucks, many of the ¾ and 1-ton pickups come with independent front suspensions. I'm not sure if they were just trying to use up What 4×4 has solid front axle? The Jeep Wrangler JK is one of the only Jeep models that still use a solid front axle. 5 r 16. The truck is bone stock except for the suspension, a shop installed it for the The last year for a solid front axle in a pickup whether 1/2 ton or 3/4 ton was '87. The Dana 44 TTB was a variation of the reverse cut solid axle Dana 44 used by Ford. Toyota did sell some number of solid axle trucks with 1986 VIN codes. Last year I bought an extremely clean rust-free 1997 F-250 OBS crew cab short bed 460ci 4wd w/195K. You are right about 90-97 HD F-250's having the IFS front end. If you want to extend the travel of the suspension on the Jeep, it’s a matter of swapping the shock absorbers and matching the coils to it. 8bolt rims too. F-250 Dana 44's: F-250 Dana 44's up to 1977 were low pinion, standard cut units. it has heavy duty supercab springs and extra rear leaf springs and it has a IFS front axle with coil air bags as well. Rear of Front Axle W/ 5" Shackles. The F-350 used a different front driveshaft and than your F-250. Solid front axles are easier to mod and get gains out of, but is diminishing returns. Most HD trucks have leaf springs in the rear. I agree with most that, the front axle is what made these trucks stand apart from the rest. Reactions: Gondul, DontSlamMyRam and Squatch. The axle has been upgraded with 5. it is the main truck in our fleet. Please fee In the clip, watch how the front wheel of the solid axle truck comes off the ground at multiple points, while the truck with IFS stays planted to the ground at the same points on the course. Hydraulic steering being fabricated for Also the first year that ALL of the 1 tons were IFS, making this the first year that GM only made IFS 4x4 trucks. 38 axle ratio. ” Radius Arm Setup. IFS on heavy duty trucks - I'm just starting this from another thread - thought it would be nice to break out into it's own seperate Ford and RAM continue the solid axle trend because it's cheap to build, easier to align, and customers continue to want them. Sort by Oldest first Oldest first Newest first Most reactions. Interior is solid. Toyota Ford vs The Competition - Solid front axle vs. 5" spring pad width ('85-97 Ford solid axles). How To Reach Alex A ute – an abbreviation for "utility" or "coupé utility" – is a term used originally in Australia and New Zealand to describe passenger vehicles with a cargo tray in the rear. Solid axle suspension (also known as rigid beam, or rigid axle) is the most elementary form of connecting the upper and lower halves of a vehicle. Many former IFS trucks have done the solid axle swap (SAS) tan4x4, May 28, 2016 #15. I tried searching couldnt find a thing. Dana 60 HD Cross-Over Steering Kit with Straight Draglink. IFS Versus Solid Axle (Ford Bronco versus the Jeep Wrangler) June 11, 2023 / Story By Ali Mansour - Off-Road & Truck Editor / Photos By Tim Sutton If you want to bring out a strong opinion from any off-road enthusiast, But while Jeep has made a tradition of using a solid front axle in the Wrangler, it's not the only automaker that carried that reliable ancient configuration into the 21st century. Chevywent to IFS in 1988 in all there 4wd trucks. —Jeep Wrangler, Ford Super Duty, and Ram heavy-duty trucks (four if you count the über Anyone know the last year GM made a 1 ton with a solid front axle? Thanks guys! Ram 2500HD Hemi Quad Long Bed Boss 9'2" V-XT. The F-350 4WD came with the solid axle. When running in mud or water solid axles tend to have more issues with moisture intrusion due to the end of the hot axle usually being stuck into the cold water or mud, an IFS diff is usually riding above the There has and still is, solid front axles, 4x4's only. The largest reason for this is to get a matching bolt pattern for the rims. The Toyota mini-truck solid front axle is designed with the differential offset to the The axle shaft that transmits the power to the wheel hub is also inside the axle housing. 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - 96 f350 2wd to 4wd TTB or 05 or newer solid front axle - I have a 96 f350 dually with a 7. won't even go on without binding. Front suspension include parts like steering subsystems, springs, It's always fun to watch a TTB-equipped truck do the ups-and-downs over a rise or dip on the highway. 8 engine is strong and reliable. The solid axle connects to the vehicle's frame through leaf or coil springs, and This added strength for heavy use is why most modern heavy-duty series trucks, such as the F250, use the solid axle over IFS. The 150's and Okay, maybe this is a dumb question but I'm a newbie to Toyotas so forgive me. If you want the real truth, you could buy, from the dealer a solid axle 4 x 4 Toyota pick up in 1977. Note: Don't be confused if one axle's track width is actually slightly wider than the other axle with the wheels in place. Obviously, applying these capabilities to both ends of the vehicle would be ideal. You can swap in a solid front axle from an F-350 eassily enough. S. 8 IFS front axle in 1997. Clark (SupermanWV) Save Share Reply Quote Like. Does anybody have a good writeup on doing a Solid Axle Swap on an 87-96 F-250?? Whats preferred, a ball joint or king pin F-350 axle? How do you -Curtis-2006 chevy 2500 LBZ ec sb AKA Blue Blur:chevy-EFI live from mcrat and a few slowdog racing tunes, AFE stage 2 with PG 7, MBRP 5" turbo back,Bilstein shocks, Autometer cobalt pyro and boost, BD fullbore manifold, SD manifold, 2" block in the rear, caltracs traction bars, and 33 x 12. It has the XL badging but has carpet, power windows/locks, cruise, abs and everything it seems an XLT 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks - F250 HD Front IFS to Solid axle conversion - I just got myself a brand new '88 F-250 HD 5spd 4x4 with a 460ci. Some solid axle designs use coil springs instead of leaf springs. 5-1985 Toyota 4Runners had solid front axles. '92: 400+ HP EFI 351W, C6 Swap '96: 5. 54 posts · Joined 2009 It just had heavier duty components, such as stronger axle shafts and the works. I think it needs custom double cardon joints at the transfer case front and rear. 5 sport kings. beam axle 4x4s come to mind) were designed this way, typically with the front axle slightly wider than the rear. I'd rather work on a full resto of an older K truck than do so much to an originally IFS truck. 5-inch rear axle out of a Super Duty to match the front axle width and bolt pattern. Or how, as the front springs settle, the camber goes into the crapper. There are more choices for rear axles, but the common ones are Dana 44’s, ford 8. Ford trucks. 2011 Silverado 3500HD SRW LML CCSB LTZ. A solid front axle is prized by some off-roaders for its sturdiness and dependability. 2 10" memphis subs, 1050 max watt lightning Solid Axle Kits Are you thinking about Solid Axle Swapping your truck? Are you tired of replacing tie rods and cv axles? Tired of having to get an alignment after every wheeling trip. Put armor from Trail Gear on it, upper truss, full face diff guard, knuckle ball gussets and steering stops. Ford vs The Competition - Solid front axle vs. 1984. 4-wheel independent since the first year they were made. nok fzim uayyldm wnnrfx lhymebp bkgpu mtwbs bkuy ocplsvnh knwg ojklhen voonim dcwpcc iugfzfin cloiwrd